| Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences

Erhan Budak Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences Faculty Member (216) 483 9519 erhanbudaksabanciunivedu

Personal Web

http://people.sabanciuniv.edu/~ebudak/

Jobs

Faculty Member

Education

B.Sc. and M.Sc. in Mechanical Engineering, Middle East Technical University (METU), 1987, 1989, respectively; Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia (Canada), 1994.

Areas of Interest

Manufacturing processes and equipment; machining processes; machine tools; process modelling; monitoring and control; machine dynamics and mechanical vibrations.

Memberships

CIRP

Bai, Lele and Zhang, Jun and Budak, Erhan and Tang, Yuyang and Zhao, Wanhua (2024) "Vibration energy-based indicators for multi-target condition monitoring in milling operations", Journal of Manufacturing Systems, Vol.77, 284-300 (SCI)

Pashmforoush, Farzad and Ebrahimi Araghizad, Arash and Budak, Erhan (2024) "Physics-informed tool wear prediction in turning process: a thermo-mechanical wear-included force model integrated with machine learning", Journal of Manufacturing Systems, Vol.77, 266-283 (SCI)

Jamshidi, Hamid and Bagherzadeh, Amin and Budak, Erhan and Ghadbeigi, Hassan (2024) "A predictive wear model in grinding using single-layer electroplated cBN tools", Journal of Manufacturing Processes, Vol.127, 251-258 (SCI)

Rahimzadeh Berenji, Kaveh and Tehranizadeh, Faraz and Budak, Erhan (2024) "Chatter stability of orthogonal turn-milling process in frequency and discrete-time domains", Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Vol.146, No.9 (SCI)

Ebrahimi Araghizad, Arash and Tehranizadeh, Faraz and Pashmforoush, Farzad and Budak, Erhan (2024) "Milling process monitoring based on intelligent real-time parameter identification for unmanned manufacturing", CIRP Annals, Vol.73, No.1, 325-328 (SCI)

Kuram, Emel and Bagherzadeh, Amin and Budak, Erhan (2024) "Application of cutting fluids in micro-milling - A review", International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol.133, No.1-2, 25-58 (SCI)

Shinba, Yuta and Irino, Naruhiro and Imabeppu, Yasuhiro and Budak, Erhan and Suzuki, Norikazu and Kishimoto, Atsuo (2024) "Improvement of surface quality in simultaneous machining of multiple workpieces on a single machine", CIRP Annals, Vol.73, No.1, 305-308 (SCI)

Ebrahimi Araghizad, Arash and Pashmforoush, Farzad and Tehranizadeh, Faraz and Kılıç, Kemal and Budak, Erhan (2024) "Improving milling force predictions: a hybrid approach integrating physics-based simulation and machine learning for remarkable accuracy across diverse unseen materials and tool types", Journal of Manufacturing Processes, Vol.114, 92-107 (SCI)

Jamshidi, Hamid and Budak, Erhan (2024) "A digital twin-based framework for selection of grinding conditions towards improved productivity and part quality", Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, Vol.35, No.1, 161-173 (SCI)

Ebrahimi Araghizad, Arash and Tehranizadeh, Faraz and Kılıç, Kemal and Budak, Erhan (2023) "Smart tool-related faults monitoring system using process simulation-based machine learning algorithms", Journal of Machine Engineering, Vol.23, No.4, 18-32 (NA)

Bagherzadeh, Amin and Budak, Erhan and Ozlu, Emre and Koç, Bahattin (2023) "Machining behavior of Inconel 718 in hybrid additive and subtractive manufacturing", CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, Vol.46, 178-190 (SCI)

Rahimzadeh Berenji, Kaveh and Budak, Erhan (2023) "A general model for uncut chip geometry, process kinematics, and mechanics of orthogonal turn-milling process", CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, Vol.43, 57-70 (SCI)

Weng, Jian and Saelzer, Jannis and Berger, Sebastian and Zhuang, Kejia and Bagherzadeh, Amin and Budak, Erhan and Biermann, Dirk (2023) "Analytical and experimental investigations of rake face temperature considering temperature-dependent thermal properties", Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol.314 (SCI)

Schmitz, Tony and Betters, Emma and Budak, Erhan and Yüksel, Esra and Park, Simon and Altıntaş, Yusuf (2023) "Review and status of tool tip frequency response function prediction using receptance coupling", Precision Engineering, Vol.79, 60-77 (SCI)

Budak, Erhan and Matsubara, Atsushi and Donmez, Alkan and Munoa, Jokin (2022) "Mechanical interfaces in machine tools", CIRP Annals, Vol.71, No.2, 647-670 (SCI)

Bagherzadeh, Amin and Koç, Bahattin and Budak, Erhan and Işık, Murat (2022) "High-speed machining of additively manufactured Inconel 718 using hybrid cryogenic cooling methods", Virtual and Physical Prototyping, Vol.17, No.3, 419-436 (SCI)

Tehranizadeh, Faraz and Rahimzadeh Berenji, Kaveh and Yıldız, Saltuk and Budak, Erhan (2022) "Chatter stability of thin-walled part machining using special end mills", CIRP Annals, Vol.71, No.1, 365-368 (SCI)

Rahimzadeh Berenji, Kaveh and Budak, Erhan (2022) "Improved machining performance through turn-milling", Journal of Machine Engineering, Vol.22, No.2, 5-17 (NA)

Bilgili, Deniz and Budak, Erhan and Altintas, Yusuf (2022) "Multibody dynamic modeling of five-axis machine tools with improved efficiency", Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, Vol.171 (SCI)

Iglesias, Alexander and Tunç, Lütfi Taner and Özsahin, Orkun and Franco, Oier and Munoa, Jokin and Budak, Erhan (2022) "Alternative experimental methods for machine tool dynamics identification: a review", Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, Vol.170 (SCI)

Tehranizadeh, Faraz and Rahimzadeh Berenji, Kaveh and Budak, Erhan (2021) "Dynamics and chatter stability of crest-cut end mills", International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, Vol.171 (SCI)

Rezaei, Hamed and Sadeghi, Mohammad Hossein and Budak, Erhan (2021) "Correction to: Determination of minimum uncut chip thickness under various machining conditions during micro-milling of Ti-6Al-4V (The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, (2018), 95, 5-8, (1617-1634), 10.1007/s00170-017-1329-3)", International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol.117, No.1-2, 689-690 (SCI)

Jamshidi, Hamid and Budak, Erhan (2021) "A 3D analytical thermal model in grinding considering a periodic heat source under dry and wet conditions", Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol.295 (SCI)

Jamshidi, Hamid and Budak, Erhan (2021) "On the prediction of surface burn and its thickness in grinding processes", CIRP Annals, Vol.70, No.1, 285-288 (SCI)

Yüksel, Esra and Budak, Erhan and Özlü, Emre and Oral, Ahmet and İğrek, Fatih and Tosun, Fulya (2021) "Prediction of thermal growth in a high-speed spindle by considering thermo-mechanical behavior", MM Science Journal, Vol.2021, 4526-4533 (ESCI)

Bagherzadeh, Amin and Kuram, Emel and Budak, Erhan (2021) "Experimental evaluation of eco-friendly hybrid cooling methods in slot milling of titanium alloy", Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol.289 (SCI)

Altintas, Yusuf and Stepan, Gabor and Budak, Erhan and Schmitz, Tony and Kilic, Zekai Murat (2020) "Chatter stability of machining operations", Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Transactions of the ASME, Vol.142, No.11 (SCI)

Jamshidi, Hamid and Budak, Erhan (2020) "An analytical grinding force model based on individual grit interaction", Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol.283 (SCI)

Yüksel, Esra and Ertürk, Ahmet Semih and Budak, Erhan (2020) "A hybrid contact implementation framework for finite element analysis and topology optimization of machine tools", Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Vol.142, No.8 (SCI)

Özlü, Emre and Ebrahimi Araghizad, Arash and Budak, Erhan (2020) "Broaching tool design through force modelling and process simulation", CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology, Vol.69, No.1, 53-56 (SCI)

Jamshidi, Hamid and Gürtan, Mert and Budak, Erhan (2019) "Identification of active number of grits and its effects on mechanics and dynamics of abrasive processes", Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol.273 (SCI)

Tehranizadeh, Faraz and Koca, Recep and Budak, Erhan (2019) "Investigating effects of serration geometry on milling forces and chatter stability for their optimal selection", International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, Vol.144 (SCI)

Rahimzadeh Berenji, Kaveh and Karagüzel, Umut and Özlü, Emre and Budak, Erhan (2019) "Effects of turn-milling conditions on chip formation and surface finish", CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology, Vol.68, No.1, 113-116 (SCI)

Karaguzel, Umut and Budak, Erhan (2018) "Investigating effects of milling conditions on cutting temperatures through analytical and experimental methods", Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol.262, 532-540 (SCI)

Tunç, Lütfi Taner and Mohammadi, Yaser and Budak, Erhan (2018) "Destabilizing effect of low frequency modes on process damped stability of multi-mode milling systems", Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, Vol.111, 423-441 (SCI)

Mohammadi, Yaser and Azvar, Milad and Budak, Erhan (2018) "Suppressing vibration modes of spindle-holder-tool assembly through FRF modification for enhanced chatter stability", CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology, Vol.67, No.1, 397-400 (SCI)

Cakir, Esin and Özlü, Emre and Bakkal, Mustafa and Budak, Erhan (2018) "Investigation of temperature distribution in orthogonal cutting through dual-zone contact model on the rake face", International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol.96, No.1-4, 81-89 (SCI)

Bagherzadeh, Amin and Budak, Erhan (2018) "Investigation of machinability in turning of difficult-to-cut materials using a new cryogenic cooling approach", Tribology International, Vol.119, 510-520 (SCI)

Rezaei, Hamed and Sadeghi, Mohammad Hossein and Budak, Erhan (2018) "Determination of minimum uncut chip thickness under various machining conditions during micro-milling of Ti-6Al-4V", International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol.95, No.5-8, 1617-1634 (SCI)

Azvar, Milad and Budak, Erhan (2017) "Multi-dimensional chatter stability for enhanced productivity in different parallel turning strategies", International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, Vol.123, 116-128 (SCI)

Karagüzel, Umut and Bakkal, Mustafa and Budak, Erhan (2017) "Modelling thermally induced deformations on tool during turn-milling (Frezeyle tornalamada takımda ortaya çıkan termal deformasyonların modellenmesi)", Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, Vol.32, No.3, 865-875 (SCI)

Yiğit, Ufuk and Ciğeroğlu, Ender and Budak, Erhan (2017) "Chatter reduction in boring process by using piezoelectric shunt damping with experimental verification", Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, Vol.94, 312-321 (SCI)

Özkırımlı, Ömer Mehmet and Tunç, Lütfi Taner and Budak, Erhan (2016) "Generalized model for dynamics and stability of multi-axis milling with complex tool geometries", Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol.238, 446-458 (SCI)

Aksu, Burak and Çelebi, Ceren and Budak, Erhan (2016) "An experimental investigation of oblique cutting mechanics", Machining Science and Technology, Vol.20, No.3, 495-521 (SCI)

Munoa, J. and Beudaert, X. and Dombovari, Z. and Altıntaş, Y. and Budak, Erhan and Brecher, C. and Stepan, G. (2016) "Chatter suppression techniques in metal cutting", CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology, Vol.65, No.2, 785-808 (SCI)

Tunç, Taner L. and Özkırımlı, Ömer Mehmet and Budak, Erhan (2016) "Machining strategy development and parameter selection in 5-axis milling based on process simulations", International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol.85, No.5-8, 1483-1500 (SCI)

Tunç, Lütfi Taner and Budak, Erhan and Bilgen, Samet and Zatarain, Mikel (2016) "Process simulation integrated tool axis selection for 5-axis tool path generation", CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology, Vol.65, No.1, 381-384 (SCI)

Budak, Erhan and Özlü, Emre and Bakioğlu, Hayri and Barzegar Osgouei, Zahra (2016) "Thermo-mechanical modeling of the third deformation zone in machining for prediction of cutting forces", CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology, Vol.65, No.1, 121-124 (SCI)

Karagüzel, Umut and Uysal, Emre and Budak, Erhan and Bakkal, Mustafa (2016) "Effects of tool axis offset in turn-milling process", Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol.231, 239-247 (SCI)

Öztürk, Erdem and Çomak, Alptunç and Budak, Erhan (2016) "Tuning of tool dynamics for increased stability of parallel (simultaneous) turning processes", Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol.360, 17-30 (SCI)

Özşahin, Orkun and Budak, Erhan and Özgüven, H. Nevzat (2015) "Identification of bearing dynamics under operational conditions for chatter stability prediction in high speed machining operations", Precision Engineering, Vol.42, 53-65 (SCI)

Aslan, Deniz and Budak, Erhan (2015) "Surface roughness and thermo-mechanical force modeling for grinding operations with regular and circumferentially grooved wheels", Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol.223, 75-90 (SCI)

Karagüzel, Umut and Olgun, Utku and Uysal, Emre and Budak, Erhan and Bakkal, M. (2015) "Increasing tool life in machining of difficult-to-cut materials using nonconventional turning processes", International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol.77, No.9-12, 1993-2004 (SCI)

Karagüzel, Umut and Uysal, Emre and Budak, Erhan and Bakkal, Mustafa (2015) "Analytical modeling of turn-milling process geometry, kinematics and mechanics", International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, Vol.91, 24-33 (SCI)

Tunç, Lütfi Taner and Özkırımlı, Ömer Mehmet and Budak, Erhan (2015) "Generalized cutting force model in multi-axis milling using a new engagement boundary determination approach", International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol.77, No.1-4, 341-355 (SCI)

Özşahin, Orkun and Budak, Erhan and Özgüven, H. Nevzat (2015) "In-process tool point FRF identification under operational conditions using inverse stability solution", International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, Vol.89, 64-73 (SCI)

Altıntaş, Y. and Kersting, P. and Biermann, D. and Budak, Erhan and Denkena, B. and Lazoğlu, I. (2014) "Virtual process systems for part machining operations", CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology, Vol.63, No.2, 585-605 (SCI)

Tunç, Lütfi Taner and Budak, Erhan (2013) "Identification and modeling of process damping in milling", Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Vol.135, No.2 (SCI)

Budak, Erhan and Çomak, Alptunç and Öztürk, Erdem (2013) "Stability and high performance machining conditions in simultaneous milling", CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology, Vol.62, No.1, 403-406 (SCI)

Tunç, Lütfi Taner and Budak, Erhan (2012) "Effect of cutting conditions and tool geometry on process damping in machining", International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, Vol.57, 10-19 (SCI)

Budak, Erhan and Tunç, Lütfi Taner and Alan, Salih and Özgüven, H. Nevzat (2012) "Prediction of workpiece dynamics and its effects on chatter stability in milling", CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology, Vol.61, No.1, 339-342 (SCI)

Öztürk, Erdem and Tunç, Lütfi Taner and Budak, Erhan (2011) "Analytical methods for increased productivity in five-axis ball-end milling", International Journal of Mechatronics and Manufacturing Systems (IJMMS), Vol.4, No.3/4, 238-265 (NA)

Özelkan, Ertunga C. and Öztürk, Özkan and Budak, Erhan (2011) "Identifying parameters of a broaching design using non-linear optimisation", International Journal of Modelling, Identification and Control (IJMIC), Vol.12, No.3, 244-252 (NA)

Özkırımlı, Ömer M. and Budak, Erhan (2011) "Process simulation for five-axis machining for generalised milling tools", International Journal of Design Engineering, Vol.3, No.3, 232-246 (NA)

Budak, Erhan and Öztürk, E. (2011) "Dynamics and stability of parallel turning operations", CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology, Vol.60, No.1, 383-386 (SCI)

Özlü, Emre and Molinari, Alain and Budak, Erhan (2010) "Two-zone analytical contact model applied to orthogonal cutting", Machining Science and Technology, Vol.14, No.3, 323-343 (SCI)

Özşahin, Orkun and Özgüven, H. Nevzat and Budak, Erhan (2010) "Analysis and compensation of mass loading effect of accelerometers on tool point FRF measurements for chatter stability predictions", International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, Vol.50, No.6, 585-589 (SCI)

Alan, Salih and Budak, Erhan and Özgüven, H. Nevzat (2010) "Analytical prediction of part dynamics for machining stability analysis", International Journal of Automation Technology, Vol.4, No.3, 259-267 (NA)

Öztürk, Erdem and Budak, Erhan (2010) "Dynamics and stability of five-axis ball-end milling", Transactions of the ASME Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Vol.132, No.2 (SCI)

Budak, Erhan and Tunç, Lütfi Taner (2010) "Identification and modeling of process damping in turning and milling using a new approach", CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology, Vol.59, No.1, 403-408 (SCI)

Öztürk, Erdem and Tunç, Taner L. and Budak, Erhan (2009) "Investigation of lead and tilt angle effects in 5-axis ball-end milling processes", International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, Vol.49, No.14, 1053-1062 (SCI)

Budak, Erhan and Tunç, Taner L. (2009) "A new method for identification and modeling of process damping in machining", Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering - Transactions of ASME, Vol.131, No.5 (SCI)

Özlü, Emre and Budak, Erhan and Molinari, A. (2009) "Analytical and experimental investigation of rake contact and friction behavior in metal cutting", International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, Vol.49, No.11, 865-875 (SCI)

Tunç, Taner L. and Budak, Erhan (2009) "Extraction of 5-axis milling conditions from CAM data for process simulation", International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol.43, No.5-6, 538-550 (SCI)

Özşahin, Orkun and Ertürk, Alper and Özgüven, H. Nevzat and Budak, Erhan (2009) "A closed-form approach for identification of dynamical contact parameters in spindle-holder-tool assemblies", International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, Vol.49, No.1, 25-35 (SCI)

Budak, Erhan and Öztürk, Erdem and Tunç, Taner L. (2009) "Modeling and simulation of 5-axis milling processes", CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology, Vol.58, No.1, 347-350 (SCI)

Kayhan, Mehmet and Budak, Erhan (2009) "An experimental investigation of chatter effects on tool life", Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Part B; Journal of Engineering Manufacture, Vol.223, No.11, 1455-1463 (SCI)

Budak, Erhan and Özlü, Emre (2008) "Development of a thermomechanical cutting process model for machining process simulations", CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology, Vol.57, No.1, 97-100 (SCI)

Çimren, Emrah and Çatay, Bülent and Budak, Erhan (2007) "Development of a machine tool selection system using AHP", The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol.35, No.3-4, 363-376 (SCI)

Özlü, Emre and Budak, Erhan (2007) "Analytical modeling of chatter stability in turning and boring operations - part I: model development", Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Vol.129, No.4, 726-732 (SCI)

Özlü, Emre and Budak, Erhan (2007) "Analytical modeling of chatter stability in turning and boring operations - Part II: Experimental verification", Journal of manufacturing science and engineering, Vol.129, No.4, 733-739 (SCI)

Ertürk, Alper and Budak, Erhan and Özgüven, H. Nevzat (2007) "Selection of design and operational parameters in spindle-holder-tool assemblies for maximum chatter stability by using a new analytical model", International journal of machine tools & manufacture, Vol.47, No.9, 1401-1409 (SCI)

Öztürk, Erdem and Budak, Erhan (2007) "Modeling of 5-axis milling processes", Machining science and technology, Vol.11, No.3, 287-311 (SCI)

Ertürk, A. and Özgüven, H. N. and Budak, Erhan (2007) "Effect analysis of bearing and interface dynamics on tool point FRF for chatter stability in machine tools by using a new analytical model for spindle-tool assemblies", International journal of machine tools & manufacture, Vol.47, No.1, 23-32 (SCI)

Ertürk, A. and Özgüven, H. N. and Budak, Erhan (2006) "Analytical modeling of spindle-tool dynamics on machine tools using Timoshenko beam model and receptance coupling for the prediction of tool point FRF", International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, Vol.46, No.15, 1901-1912 (SCI)

Budak, Erhan (2006) "Analytical models for high performance milling. Part II: process dynamics and stability", International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, Vol.46, No.12-13, 1489-1499 (SCI)

Budak, Erhan (2006) "Analytical models for high performance milling. Part I: cutting forces, structural deformations and tolerance integrity", International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, Vol.46, No.12-13, 1478-1488 (SCI)

Budak, Erhan and Ertürk, A. and Özgüven, H. N. (2006) "A Modeling approach for analysis and improvement of spindle-holder-tool assembly dynamics", CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology, Vol.55, No.1, 369-372 (SCI)

Ertürk, Alper and Özgüven, H. Nevzat and Budak, Erhan (2006) "İşleme merkezlerinin dinamik analizi ve süreçte kararlılık: yeni bir analitik modelin uygulamaları", Makina Tasarım ve İmalat Dergisi, Vol.8, No.2, 55-66 (NA)

Tekeli, Alper and Budak, Erhan (2005) "Maximization of chatter-free material removal rate in end milling using analytical methods", Machining science and technology, Vol.9, No.2, 147-167 (SCI)

Budak, Erhan and Lazoğlu, İsmail and Güzel, Birhan U. (2004) "Improving cycle time in sculptured surface machining through force modeling", CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology, Vol.53, No.1, 103-106 (SCI)

Kıvanç, Evren Burcu and Budak, Erhan (2004) "Structural modeling of end mills for form error and stability analysis", International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, Vol.44, No.11, 1151-1161 (SCI)

Arslan, M. Çağdaş and Çatay, Bülent and Budak, Erhan (2004) "A decision support system for machine selection", Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, Vol.15, No.1, 101-109 (NA)

Budak, Erhan (2003) "An analytical design method for milling cutters with nonconstant pitch to increase stability, part 2: Application", Journal of manufacturing science and engineering, Vol.125, No.1, 35-38 (SCI)

Budak, Erhan (2003) "An analytical design method for milling cutters with nonconstant pitch to increase stability, part 1: Theory", Journal of manufacturing science and engineering, Vol.125, No.1, 29-34 (SCI)

Nemes, J. A. and Asamoah-Attiah, S. and Budak, Erhan (2001) "Cutting load capacity of end mills with complex geometry", CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology, Vol.50, No.1, 65-68 (SCI)

Wiercigroch, Marian and Budak, Erhan (2001) "Sources of nonlinearities, chatter generation and suppression in metal cutting", Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London series A - Mathematical physical and engineering sciences, Vol.359, No.1781, 663-693 (SCI)