In the presence of ever visible effects of global climate change, small scale wind turbines are considered as viable renewable systems. Horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT) are popular for grid-connected power generation. Yet there is an increasing demand for small-scale portable power generation, typically away from the grid and provided by diesel generator and small scale photovoltaic panels. Small scale vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) can be used as power supplies for telecommunication towers, recreational and military camps away from the population.

• Vertical Axis Wind Turbines hakkında daha fazla oku

Owing to high energy efficiency and density, polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) are very attractive for transportation and stationary applications. However, commercialization of the PEMFC technology is hindered by problems such as high cost, complexity of the system, and durability of the polymer membrane, electrode and catalyst materials.

• PEM Fuel Cells hakkında daha fazla oku

Despite enormous progress in polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells, development of catalysts with maximum activity and durability and minimum loading are still the core challenges. Catalyst supports are also very important in this respect. Generally, proper catalyst support materials must have large specific surface areas to support catalyst nanoparticles, high electrical conductivity to promote fast electron transfer, strong affinity towards the nanoparticles and stability under the operating conditions to provide stable catalyst structures.

• PEM fuel cells with low catalyst loading hakkında daha fazla oku
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